Natural Family Planning

Natural family planning is a method used by some couples to achieve and/or avoid pregnancy. The method involves paying close attention to a woman's menstrual cycle to predict when a woman is fertile. The couple can then avoid having sex on the days when the woman is likely to get pregnant. There are three basic ways used to monitor a woman's menstrual cycle in natural family planning. These methods include the temperature method, the mucus method and the calendar method. The benefits of this method are better realized if more than one method of natural family planning is used, and if they are always used correctly. If you would like to use natural family planning as your birth control method, talk to your healthcare provider for guidance. Below is some information that can help you understand natural family planning better before you can make the decision to use it as your family planning method of choice.

Advantages of Natural FP

The natural family planning method not only helps you to avoid pregnancy, but it can also help you get pregnant by predicting the days when you are most fertile. The benefits of natural family planning include:

1. It is cost-effective. The only cost you are likely to incur is that of buying a basal thermometer.
2. Does not require regular visits to the healthcare worker. This method does not require you to visit your healthcare provider all the time. You only need a few initial visits during which your healthcare provider teaches you how to use this method and as soon as you become competent, you are good to go.
3. Natural family planning has no side effects.

Disadvantages of Natural FP

Natural family planning requires a lot of discipline for it to be effective. Here are the disadvantages of Natural FP.

1. Natural family planning does not work unless both partners participate actively. It requires the cooperation of both partners to succeed.
2. The method does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases including HIV & AIDS.
3. It requires a lot of time and effort to track and monitor the changes in your temperature, mucus and the days in the menstrual cycle.
4. Other factors such as medicine and infection may cause your basal temperature and mucus to change giving you the wrong signals.
5. Natural family planning is less effective than other methods and about 25% of women on this method end up pregnant.

Contraindications of Natural FP

It is not advisable to use the natural family planning method if you fall under one of the following categories:

1. Your periods are irregular.

2. If you and your partner are not able to abstain from sex for one week or more each month.

3. If you or your partner have multiple sexual partners. This is because this method offers no protection from sexually transmitted diseases including HIV & AIDS

4. If you have a health problem that can be complicated by getting pregnant leading to a serious health problem.

5. If keeping accurate records is a problem for you.

The Calendar method

This method requires you to track how many days each of your menstrual cycle takes, for a period of about eight months. This will give you a good picture of how long your cycle is. A menstrual cycle begins on day one of your period and ends on day one of your next period. Once you have this record, your healthcare provider can help you predict your fertile days. This method is not 100% accurate and it would be wise to combine it with other fertility methods to increase the efficacy

The Mucus method

This method requires you to observe what happens to your cervical mucus. Cervical mucus is a natural lubricant produced by your cervix that aids the transportation of sperm and helps protect you against infection. The volume and consistency of your cervical mucus changes as your cycle progresses. As your eggs get ready to be released, the mucus becomes thick, sticky and yellow or white in colour. Unprotected sex during this period can lead to pregnancy. You are most likely to be fertile on the days when your mucus is clear, slippery and stretchy (like the white of a raw egg). This kind of mucus is present during ovulation. After about three days of slippery mucus, a more sticky and cloudy mucus follows. After this, a dry period with no mucus follows. You are less likely to become pregnant on the days between when you have the slippery mucus and when your period starts.

The temperature method

When your body is at rest, like in the morning when you wake up, it maintains a certain temperature called the basal temperature. When your ovary releases an egg, this temperature goes up a little bit. The basal temperature is recorded using a special kind of a thermometer, different from the one used to record temperature when you have a fever. If you have sex two to three days before your temperature peaks and the day after that, you are likely to get pregnant. The chances of getting pregnant drop after the third day of a rise in basal temperature. You need to track and record your basal temperature. Your healthcare provider can show you how.

Attribution: Avallain Ltd

Artificial Family Planning Methods - Get the facts!

The facts about artificial methods of family Planning

Which is the most convenient family planning method for me? This is a popular question in the minds of many women of childbearing age. Just like we plan our finances and our other important activities, the decision of when to get pregnant and have a child should be carefully planned. Pregnancy is a pleasant experience that should not come as an unpleasant surprise as would be the case with unplanned pregnancies. Luckily, there are a variety of family planning options to choose from. However, the decision of which family method to use should be well thought and in conjunction with your gynaecologist. It is important to note that there is no fit-for-all type of contraceptive choice, and thus what is suitable for your friend may not be suitable for you. Similarly, the untoward effects that your friend may have experienced may not apply to you.

Emerging new contraceptive methods

When choosing an appropriate family planning method, you will come across some new emerging methods. Just like other medical fields, family planning is highly dynamic field. Medical professionals are continuously researching on new methods in a bid to improve convenience. Some of the newest methods include the contraceptive patch, vaginal ring and the combined contraceptive injection. There are some newer approaches that have been designed for tubal closure through the womb from below. After assessment, your healthcare provider will advise you on which options are safe for you to use.

Permanent methods

When you feel that your desired family size has been achieved, it is possible to consider having a permanent sterilization. The options include either a tubal ligation (BTL) or vasectomy. Some of the considerations to bear in mind are that these options entail no desire for reversal, thus some risk of regret, and that there is a risk of failure, just like all methods of contraception.It is best that you and your spouse take time to deliberate on this method before making the decision. Once you have made the decision, your healthcare provider will guide you into choosing the most appropriate permanent method for you.

Condoms

Condoms is one of the most popular artificial family planning method. Condoms are made of a special rubber sheath (latex) that can be worn by either a male or female partner during sexual intercourse. They essentially serve as a barrier that prevents genital fluids from mixing. They are hence a great way to prevent pregnancy as well as sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and AIDS. To be successful, the instructions on how to use a condom effectively need to be followed to the dot. You can get a demonstration on how to use a condom effectively from your nearest family planning health facility.

Pills

The pill is formulated to contain a hormone that influences the functioning of the ovaries. There are different types of pills depending on the hormonal composition. Basically, we have the combined contraceptive pill containing two female hormones known as oestrogen and progesterone and a mini pill that contains only progesterone. Due to the hormonal composition of the pill, there is modulation of how the ovary functions and therefore it prevents the egg from forming. The combined pill mimics the natural cycle and after the pill (free week) women experience a withdrawal bleed that represents the menstrual cycle. There is also an effect on the lining of the uterus that ensures a low chance of implantation and hence preventing pregnancy.

Non-contraceptive benefits of the pill

The use of the pill can be extended beyond prevention of pregnancy. Women who have painful and heavy periods while using the pill notice that the menstrual flow gets lighter and the pain disappears. This benefit can be enhanced by using the pill on a continuous basis for three months then breaking for a week and starting the cycle again. It has been shown that women who have used the pill for longer than five years and especially ten years have a lower risk of developing cancer of the ovary and the uterus later in their lives. There may be concerns about the use of the pill increasing the risk of cervix cancer. This is essentially because the pill does not protect against the virus causing cervical cancer. Similarly, the risk of increased transmission of HIV to partners of pill users exists. However, the absolute risk is lower than the consequences of not using contraception. You may wish to discuss further with your healthcare provider to make the right choice.

Side effects of the pill

Generally speaking, the pill has minimal side effects and is well tolerated by the majority of women who use it. In the initial months of using the pill, one may feel nauseated or have some bloating. These effects are minimised when the pill is taken close to bedtime. Some women may feel breast discomfort or have an unusual vaginal discharge. If you have any concerns, b sure to discuss them with your healthcare provider.

When not to use the pill

The pill is suitable for the majority of women who wish to use it as a contraceptive method. There are however, a number of circumstances in which the pill will not be advisable. Your healthcare provider will go through your medical and family history and be able to advise against the pill when particular risks exist. These include a history of a clot in your veins, uncontrolled high blood pressure, uncontrolled diabetes and active liver disease. If you have suffered from breast cancer, the pill will usually not be recommendable. Conditions like severe obesity and cigarette smoking may increase your risk of complications if used and you will generally be advised to avoid the pill if these exist.

IUCD

The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is a method of family planning that was designed to avoid the general effects of hormonal contraceptives. The device is placed in the cavity of the womb where it exerts its effects. There are two types of contraceptive coils; the copper IUCD and the Mirena which is a special system with a hormone in the place of copper.

How the IUCD works

The conventional IUCD contains copper that is coiled on a T-shaped plastic device. This coil releases small amounts of copper within the cavity of the womb. These particles of copper are hostile to semen thus ensuring that no viable sperm reaches the egg. It usually does not affect the pattern of menstrual flow, except for a slight increase in flow volume. The Mirena system contains progesterone hormone that is released in small quantities over a period of time, up to a maximum of five years. The hormone thins the lining of the uterus making it unfavourable for implantation to take place. It is thought that the hormone may also reduce the chance of the egg being produced.

Side effects of the IUCD

The copper IUCD usually does not cause any significant changes to a woman's body except that the menstrual flow can become heavy in a small group of women. There may be some cyclic cramps in the lower abdomen especially at the time of the menstrual flow. Since the Mirena system has a hormone on the coil, there may be some effects on the menstrual flow. A majority of women will usually experience unscheduled vaginal bleeding that is scant, especially in the first three to six months after insertion. After this period, many women will have their periods disappear. This should not be a source of anxiety since it does not mean you are pregnant. A few women on Mirena may experience breast discomfort and occasional headaches, but this is quite unlikely to occur.

Contraindication of the IUCD

There are occasions when the IUCD may not be ideal as a method of family planning, for example when a woman has undiagnosed vaginal bleeding or cancer of the cervix and uterus. If there is an active pelvic infection due to a sexually transmitted infection, then one is advised to avoid the coil. You may wish to visit your healthcare provider to discuss specific situations that apply to you.

Implants

Implants are a form of hormonal contraception that are put under the skin of the inner upper arm. They contain one type of hormone known as progesterone. These implants are engineered to release the hormone in small portions over a long period of time. The commonest type of implant will usually last for five years, though there are some newer ones that may be used for a shorter period.

How the implants work

Implants contain a single hormone progesterone. This hormone influences the way the ovary functions by interfering with egg formation. Because the hormone is constantly being released into the body, this effect lasts as long as the implant is present. It is also thought that the hormone has an effect on the lining of the uterus by making it thin and therefore unfavourable for implantation. This influence on the uterus causes a change in the menstrual cycle with scanty irregular menses or no menstrual flow.

Contraindications of Implants

The contraceptive implant can be used in almost every circumstance. Since it contains the hormone progesterone, it is safe to use at all times of the reproductive life.

Side effects of Implants

The commonest side effect with the implant is unscheduled vaginal bleeding. Most women will experience scanty irregular vaginal bleeding. Sometimes, after a few months on the implant the vaginal bleeding may disappear completely. This should not be a cause of anxiety since you will not be pregnant.

When you have all the facts about the different methods of family planning available, it will be easy to make a choice. Be sure to work with your healthcare provider to help you choose the most convenient method for you. If you experience discomfort at any one time after your commence your new family planning method, be sure to check with your doctors. Remember you are a unique individual and therefore, your experience will be unique and different from that of your colleagues.

Attribution: Avallain Ltd

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis – A mothers nightmare

Wanjiku considered herself one of the lucky mothers because when her baby Wayne was born her younger sister Linda had finished form 4 and since she was not immediately reporting to college, she offered to stay with her and help with the baby. She never had to worry about how the baby would be fed, cleanliness and comfort since Linda handled this very well. This was however to change when Linda was called to college.

For some reason every house girl she received required a lot of training on basic issues like hand washing, appropriate handling of the baby’s food and literally everything around the house not to mention that the baby also had to adjust to the new girls. None of them seemed to measure up to Linda and it was getting really frustrating. So when a neighbour offered to babysit Wayne for a few days it was a big relief. This was after her fourth girl decided to leave without notice and Wanjiku could unfortunately not get permission to stay away from work.

For a few days things seemed to settle but after 3 days the neighbour informed her that Wayne had refused to eat his food and was running a mild fever. That night Wanjiku did not sleep, Wayne vomited everything he was fed and had so many loose motions. By the next morning when Wanjiku was taking the child to hospital he was immediately admitted and started on fluids. The doctors informed her that her child was severely dehydrated and if she had wasted any more time at home, she might have lost her baby. Further investigations revealed that Wayne had a rotavirus infection, which was shocking to Wanjiku as she had never heard about it. When Wanjiku called her neighbour to brief her on what was happening, the neighbour confessed that her child had also suffered the diarrhoea but it had not been severe and it was resolved quickly.

What is Rotavirus Gastroenteritis?

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis is an infection that is caused by a virus called Rotavirus. It is one of the commonest causes of diarrhoea in children and infants and tends to occur between 4 months and 2 years of age, but still affects children up to 5 years of age. During the course of the infection the child may additionally experience fever and vomiting.

Transmission

The virus easily spreads from an infected person to another person through contact.

The virus is usually present in the stool of the infected child so when handling the stool of an infected child e.g. when changing their diapers, the virus may contaminate the hands of the caregiver who in turn passes the virus onto any surfaces they touch if they do not clean their hands well.

If the child is able to use a toilet or potty the surfaces may be contaminated or the child may contaminate their hands in the process. If they don’t wash their hands well with soap and water then the virus will be spread to any surfaces they touch.

When another child touches the infected surfaces or items and puts their hands in the mouth or eats foods, they get the virus into their bodies and subsequently get the infection.

The reason why the virus spreads so easily is because it can live for long on surfaces if it’s not disinfected immediately.

How to minimize transmission

• Hands should always be washed thoroughly with soap and water after nappy or diaper change.
• If the child is able to use the toilet or potty their hands should also be thoroughly cleaned with soap and water.
• When a child has an infection, toilet seats and potties should be thoroughly cleaned with soap and water and a disinfectant if available, after every use.
• Soiled nappies and diaper should not be left on the bed or other surfaces and should be discarded or washed immediately.
• Toys, doorknobs, sinks, tables and any other surfaces at risk of contamination should be cleaned regularly with soap and water.

Symptoms of rotavirus

The symptoms of the infection may appear after about 48 to 72 hours of contact with the virus. Among the main symptoms are:

• Vomiting    
• Fever    
• Large bouts of foul smelling watery diarrhoea
• Abdominal cramps    

The diarrhoea may last between 3 and 8 days and the severity may vary depending on the child.

In certain instances when the diarrhoea and vomiting are severe and the child is unable to keep any food or drink in the stomach, the child may become dehydrated i.e a situation where the child has lost too much water from the body. This can be life threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

How would you know that your child is getting dehydrated?

• When the child vomits every food or drink they take and is unable to retain anything.    
• If your child has many large watery diarrhoeas.    

How would you know that your child is dehydrated?

• If the child does not passing any urine for a period of six hours.    
• If your child is crying and no tears are running down their eyes. The eyes may be sunken in severe cases.   
• If the child’s mouth and tongue appear dry.    
• If your child appears very weak and lethargic or very irritable.    
• If the child’s hands and feet become cold.
• If your child sleeps for too long and struggles to wake up during the course of the illness.

These symptoms require immediate medical attention and if you suspect that your child is getting dehydrated you should immediately take the child to the hospital.

How is rotavirus diagnosed in hospital?

A small sample of your child’s stool is collected and sends to the laboratory for analysis, which reveals the presence of the rotavirus in the stool.

How is rotavirus treated?

Because this is a viral infection there is no specific drug treatment for the virus.

Antibiotics and antidiarrhoeal drugs that may be used to treat other forms of diarrhoea have no role in the management of children with rotavirus.

The goal of treatment is to ensure that the child does not get dehydrated.

While at home:

• Encourage the child to drink as much fluid as possible so as to replace what they is losing in the diarrhoea.
• If the child is vomiting, give small amounts of fluid regularly to encourage it to stay down.
• If the child is breastfed, encourage them to breastfeed more to compensate dehydration.  
• Change your child’s diaper or nappies immediately after they get soiled and keep the child comfortable.
• If your child develops a nappy rash because of the frequent diaper changes, you can apply a nappy rash cream to soothe and heal the sore buttocks.
• Use cotton wool and warm water to clean the baby to minimize irritation.

In hospital:

The management of your child will depend on the severity of the illness and the degree of dehydration. Your doctor/nurse will prescribe treatment depending on their assessment.

• If your child is mildly dehydrated, your nurse or doctor will advise you on the quantity of appropriate rehydration fluid to give your child.
• You will be advised to encourage your child to drink the rehydration fluid as tolerated.    
• If the child is unable to drink you may be advised to give the fluid with a cup and spoon.
• If the dehydration is severe your doctor might advise that your child be admitted and started on a drip. This is a fluid containing different salts that is infused into your child’s body through the vein.
• In other cases your doctor might recommend that a tube called a nasogastric tube is put through your child’s nose and goes directly into the stomach. This tube is used to give your child the rehydration fluid when they are completely unable to drink.    
• If your child has a fever the doctor might prescribe a drug to control the fever.

During this time if the child is breastfed they should continue breastfeeding as normal.

If the child eats encourage them to eat small quantities of food as tolerated and resume to normal feeds as soon as it is possible.

Parents are discouraged from giving fizzy drinks like sodas and citrus fruit juices because these can irritate the stomach and worsen the abdominal pain normally experienced.

How to prevent rotavirus.

• It may not be completely possible to prevent rotavirus however vaccines have been produced and are given to children from the age of 2 months.   
• The vaccine may not stop a child from acquiring the infection but it is said that vaccinated children get a less severe form of the infection.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Attribution: Avallain Ltd

Complementary Feeding - How to successfully wean your baby

 

               

Hot chocolate, ovaltine and cocoa drinks, fenugreek and dill seeds, moringa and other herbs are some of the elements that constitute many mothers’ diets in the first six months after the birth of their babies. This is not to mention the jugs of porridge and bone soup, black beans and traditional vegetables that they have to take religiously all in a bid to increase their breast milk and ensure their little ones have enough to drink. So when the babies hit the 6 months mark it’s a period of celebration for most mothers not just because they have exclusively breastfed for 6 months but also because they no longer have to worry about the quantity of breast milk they have since the baby is now allowed to take a little more than just breast milk. The mother no longer has to be overly concerned about what they eat and of course, the extra weight that comes from eating all manner of food, can now be shed.

It is indeed a major milestone that however, brings in new challenges because the breast milk is no longer adequate for the baby and the mother has to start complementary feeding. While on breast milk the mother would never have to worry about preparation or whether the nutrient value of the milk was adequate, because the breast milk comes ready to drink meaning no preparation is required except warming and it is nutritionally whole with the full complement of nutrients that the baby requires for growth and development.

The transition to family food by complementary feeding is critical because if it is not done in the right way, the growth of a baby who was flourishing on breast milk could be slowed and in some circumstances the baby growth can be stunted. Poor food handling during this time can result in infections like diarrhoea that further affect the growth. Hence, a lot of caution has to be exercised during this period to ensure that the gains made during the period of exclusive breastfeeding are sustained.

What is complementary feeding?

Complementary feeding is the introduction of food to a baby’s diet in addition to the breast milk. It is recommended that complementary feeding begins from six months of age up to 24 months so as to ensure that the baby receives adequate nutrients to continue growing strong and healthy.

Before six months of age, the mother’s milk in combination with the babies nutrient reserves stored in the infants body when he was growing in the uterus, are usually adequate to meet the nutritional requirements for optimal growth. However, by six months of age, the baby has used most of the nutrients that had been stored and needs extra.

The other reasons why complementary feeding should commence at six months of age is that the babies’ growth and development is very rapid at this age, hence, they require additional nutrients to sustain adequate growth and development during this period. Also their digestive system has matured adequately to be able to digest other foods apart from breast milk.

The quality and quantity of food

It is critical that complementary feeding be practiced in a manner that ensures that the quality and quantity of food the baby receives is adequate to sustain optimal growth and development. The nutritional value in the food being given to the baby has to be adequate. In this regard, the baby should receive food from all the classes i.e proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins.

The frequency of feeding should be optimum i.e., the food should be introduced gradually beginning with around two feeds a day and gradually increasing to whole meals and snacks like the rest of the family.

The consistency of the food should be carefully changed as the child grows i.e., the food should not be too thick or too thin. Large sized shaped pieces of food should be initially avoided as they can easily choke a child. The variety of food provided during this period should be adequate to cover the child’s nutritional needs. Avoid giving the child only one type of food.

As a way of maintaining optimum quality, parents should ensure that the risk of food contamination is minimized. In order to reduce the risk of infection to the child, the caregiver should prepare and give the food in a clean environment and observe simple measures like proper hand washing before handling the baby’s food and thoroughly cleaning utensils used by the baby.

How do you encourage the baby to feed?

The transition from breastfeeding to eating may be challenging to most babies and effort needs to be put into making the process easier. It is important to make the process as smooth as possible so that the baby can easily adapt.

The caregiver should be sensitive to the child’s cues for hunger and respond appropriately. Do not let the child cry for food before they’re fed. Feeding the child when they’re too tired or sleepy limits the amount of food they can take. The food should be at the correct temperature, a baby may find it difficult to eat food that is either too hot or too cold.

The baby should not be forced to feed and neither should they be punished even if they’re reluctant or fussy feeders. The caregiver should be patient and encourage the baby to feed. The baby should be allowed to take all the time they need without being rushed. It’s okay for a baby to play in between feeds as long as they continue to eat.

The baby should be engaged by talking to them and complimenting them as they feed. Positive reinforcement will motivate them to eat more. Distractions should be minimized. If the caregiver becomes harsh, the baby might resent feeding and this will ultimately affect their food intake and growth.

Ultimately the caregiver should ensure that the feeding experience is interesting and happy otherwise the baby may develop a negative attitude towards feeding altogether hence compromising their growth and development.

FREQUENCY OF FEEDING

It is recommended that the feeding is commenced gradually and slowly increased as the baby grows:

• Between 6 and 8 months: the baby should be fed 2 to 3 times a day.
• Between 9 and 11 months: the baby is fed 3 to 4 times daily.
• Between 12 and 24 months: the baby is fed 3 to four times with additional nutritious snacks in between meals.

HOW TO PREPARE THE BABY’S FOOD

Food preparation to a big extent determines the ease with which a baby will take food hence, caregivers should be careful to ensure that the food is appropriate for age and time.

High standards of hygiene should be observed when preparing the baby’s food. Care should be taken to ensure that hands are always washed with soap and water before handling the food and before actually feeding the baby. Fruits and vegetables should always be washed before preparation and the baby’s utensils should be thoroughly cleaned.

It is recommended that parents start their children on food that is easily available and affordable in their local setting since this will ensure that the baby’s food is always fresh. Cooked food should be preferably used in a day because storing for future use risks the food being stale.

While it is important to ensure that food is tasty, it is recommended that the use of salt and sugar is minimal. Spices and herbs should be initially avoided until the baby is ready to take family food.

How to introduce food

One food should be introduced at a time to allow the child to get used to it and also for observation of allergies and tolerance .i.e, do not introduce two different types of food at the same time.

The texture of food should gradually change from semi-solid food to solid. By eight months babies can eat finger food and by one year most babies can comfortably eat the same type of food as the rest of the family.

The variety of food should also gradually change and increase as the child grows i.e, alternate different proteins, carbohydrates and fruits at different meals to get a good range of nutrients.

If the locally available foods are not adequate in meeting the nutritional needs of the child, then fortified foods should be considered to avoid the risk of malnutrition.

COMMON CHALLENGES DURING COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING

There are common challenges while introducing complementary feeding such as lack of knowledge on the appropriate food to feed the child - many parents do not have access to professional advice on complementary feeding hence they rely on information provided by relatives and friends which may not be adequate. As a result the quality of food is compromised:

• Foods provided may be lacking or have insufficient quantities of essential nutrients including minerals and vitamins.

• The variety of food provided is too little and the baby gets bored and refuses to eat.
• The consistency of the food is inappropriate for their age hence difficult for the child to feed on.

A lot of working parents are unable to stay at home with their babies during this time because of work commitments hence, the children are left with caregivers who may not adhere to recommended practices like hygienic food preparation and proper cleaning of utensils.

Competing economic priorities may be another challenge. A very small portion of the family budget is allocated to food for the child because of other pressing needs.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Breastfeeding should not be stopped during this period. Breast milk is still important in

ensuring the babies get adequate nutrition hence should be continued as food is gradually introduced.

The period between 6 months and 24 months is very critical for babies because there is rapid growth and development and if the nutritional needs are not adequately met this time, the baby can become malnourished and affected for the rest of their life.

Malnutrition experienced in the first two years of life is majorly due to poor complementary feeding practices and can have long term irreversible consequences because the brain and body development being affected.

The long term consequences of malnutrition at this age include reduced future learning abilities, reduced ability of the body to fight infection and reduced economic output. Children are most vulnerable to illness during this period because of the risk of infection during the introduction of food and handling of food hence, a lot of caution should be exercised during this period.

Attribution: Avallain Ltd